Writing, publishing and reading cultures: experiences and reflections

 

 

 

n]vg, k|sfzg / k7g ;+:s[lt M cg'ej / cg'e"lt

 

 

 

 

 

 

-@)&( j}zfv !) ut] ljZj k':ts tyf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lbj;sf] pknIodf g]kfn /fli6«o k':ts ljt/s tyf k|sfzs ;ª\3 / g]kfn k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{non] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{s|dsf ;Gbe{df tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{kq

 

 

 

 

 

8f= lji0f'/fh pk|]tL

Sfo{sf/L cWoIf

gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg

 

!=kl/j]z

n]vg, k|sfzg / k7g cEof; Ps cfk;df cGt;{DalGwt 5g\ . n]vg, k|sfzg / k7g ;+:s[ltn] s'g} klg b]zsf] z}lIfs, af}l4s / k|fl1s cj:yfsf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] x'G5 . of] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; 5f]6f] ;do / l56k'6 cEof;af6 dfq ;Dej x'Fb}g . nfdf] ;dosf] ;fdflhs cEof; / k|ls|ofaf6 dfq o;sf] ljsf; x'G5 .  :yflkt cGt/f{li6«o hg{ndf n]v k|sflzt gu/Lsg, ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfjfl/lw gu/fO{sg, cfˆgf] ljwfut If]qdf af}l4s Voflt gsdfO{sg efua08fdf k|Wofks x'g], kf6L{sf] l;kmfl/;df ljZjljBfnosf] pks'nklt x'g], k9]/eGbf ansf] k|of]u -lzIfsnfO{ bafa lbg], sfnf]df];f] bNg], tf]8kmf]8 ug]{, ljZjljBfnodf tfnfaGbL ug]{, x8\tfn ug]{_ u/]/ k/LIffdf kf; x'g rfxg] ljBfyL{ ePsf xfd|f ;dfhdf t n]vg, k|sfzg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ cem slt ;do nfUg] xf] eGg sl7g 5 .

lzIffsf] ljsf; / cg';Gwfgsf] Jofkstfaf6 dfq ;dfhsf] rl/q kl/jt{g x'G5 . o:t} kl/jlt{t rl/qdf n]vg, k|sfzg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g] xf] . ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] n]vg, k|sfzg tyf k7gsf] ;+:s[lt ljz]if k|sf/sf] b]lvG5 . n]vg cEof; Ifdtf / ef]ufOsf] ;lDd>0faf6 dfq l;h{gf x'g]x'Fbf of] cln sl7g sfd xf] . of] sfd ;a}n] ug'{k5{ eg]/ ;dfhn] ck]Iff klg /fVb}g . h;df Ifdtf 5, rfxgf 5 / c7f]6 5, p;n] dfq n]vgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;S5 . k|sfzg t ljz'4 dfudf cfwfl/t x'g] xf] . t/ k7grflxF km/s xf] . ;dfh / JolQmnfO{ 1fg xfl;n ug]{, ;dfh a'‰g], ;"rgf / hfgsf/L lng], cfTd;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug]{ h:tf sf/0f ;dfhsf clws ;b:on] k7gsf] cEof; cufl8 a9fpg ;S5g\ . k7gsf] cEof; hlt a9\of] plt n]vsn] n]Vg] / k|sfzsn] k|sfzg ug]{ xf] . o; cy{df kf7s g} cGo b'O{ kIfsf nflu klg cfwf/ xf] .

a]nfotsf ;a}h;f] gful/s ofqf ubf{ k':ts k9\5g\ . nG8g cG8/u|fpG8df d]6«f], /]n, a;af6 ofqf ug]{ ;a} a]nfotL ofq'x¿ Pp6f lstfa kl9/x]]s} x'G5g\ . a]nfotLx¿ labfdf hfFbf xf];\ of aflx/ e|d0fdf hfFbf s]xL lstfa lnP/} lxF8]sf x'G5g\ . o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf of] clws cj:yfdf b]lvG5 t/ clk|msf / cGo dxfåLksf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf oftfoftdf ofqf ug]{ ofq'x¿df clwsf+z k':ts k9\b}gg\ . tLdWo] s]xLn] k9]sf] b]lvof] eg] tL ;DkGg b]zsf x'G5g\ . k7g ;+:s[lt,lzIffsf] Oltxf; / ljsf; tyf ;dfhsf] r]tgfsf] sf/0f g} o:tf] ePsf] xf] .

kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;+;f/e/ OG6/g]6 / l8h6n ldl8ofsf] ljsf; / cem sf]le8–!( dxfdf/L kl5 t cgnfOg k7g–kf7gsf sf/0f ljBfyL{sf] k':ts k9\g] cEof; g} 5'6\g] xf] ls eGg] lrGtf a9]sf] 5 .

 

@= n]vsaf/]sf] cfd a'emfO  

g]kfndf n]vs eg]sf] ;flxTo n]Vg] dflg;dfq xf] eGg] a'emfO cem} ;zSt /x]5 . ljifout lj1x¿n] hlt g} k':ts n]v] klg pgLx¿nfO{ n]vs eg]/ u0fgf gul/g] /x]5 . ;flxTo n]Vg]nfO{ n]vs eGg] / tLafx]s cGo ljifout ;jfnsf hlt;'s} :t/Lo k':ts n]v]klg pgLx¿nfO{ n]vs eg]/ ;dfh clg n]vssf ;ª\3–;ª\u7gx¿n] ga'‰g] /x]5g\ .

kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;dfh lj1fg, sfg'g, åGå, zflGt, ljsf;, jftfj/0f, k|ljlw, e"uf]nnufotsf ljifodf :t/Lo k':tsx¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] w]/}sf] u'0f:t/ cGt/f{li6«o:t/s} 5 . t/ tL k':ts n]Vg] JolQmx¿ of] b]z / ;dfhdf :yflkt cEof; cg'?k n]vs eg]/ lrlgPsf 5}gg\ . cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ n]vs eg]/  lrGg lbOPsf] 5}g . lsgls n]vsnfO{ ;fx|} ;ª\s'lrt ¿kdf a'em\g] sfd hjh{:t ¿kdf ePsf] 5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df s]xL jif{cufl8sf] Pp6f 36gf :d/0f ug{ rfxG5' . bf]nvfsf] lh/Ldf n]vsx¿n]] Pp6f e]nf÷;Dd]ng u/]sf /x]5g\ . ToxfF ToxL lhNnfsf c¿ ljwfut k':tssf n]vsx¿nfO{ af]nfpg] af/] 5nkmn eP5 . t/ ToxfF ;flxTo gn]Vg]nfO{  n]vs dfGg g;lsg] eGb} gaf]nfpg] lg0f{o eP5 . To; e]nfsf] s]xL ;dokl5 ToxL sfo{s|dsf cfof]hsdWo]sf, bf]nvf lhNnfs} Pp6f efOn] dnfO{ of] s'/f ;'gfPsf lyP . of] Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f xf] – xfd|f] b]zsf k|a'4 JolQmx¿sf] n]vs af/]sf] a'emfO / Jojxf/ .

;flxTo n]vg dxTjk"0f{ xf] / ;+;f/e/ of] ljVoft klg 5 . t/ Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ c¿ ljifout n]vgx¿ klg 5g\ eg]/ s;n] a'emfpg] < a? kqklqsfdf n]v n]Vg] JolStnfO{ n]vs elgg] t/ ljwfut ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf k':ts n]Vg]x¿nfO{ n]vssf] ¿kdf cem} :jLsf/ gul/Psf] g]kfnsf] oyfy{sf] d"n h/f] eg]sf] k7g ;+:s[ltsf] cefj g} xf] .

 

#= n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f 

g]kfndf ljut s]xL bzsdf n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ s]xL dfqfdf x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . n]vg / k7g ;+:s[lt cGt;{DalGwt klg 5g\ . j[xQ/ lrGtg u/L ;f]r agfpg], k|Zg ug]{ / o;sf] pQ/ vf]Hg], s'g} klg ;jfndf s] eO/x]sf] 5, s;/L eO/x]sf] 5, lsg eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df a'em]/ cfkm"n] cy{ lbg], ;dfhnfO{ ;"Id ¿kdf x]/]/, a'em]/ o;sf] JofVofTds cy{ nufO{ ts{ / ;f]rsf] cfwf/df c¿n] :jLsf/ ug]{ u/L cleJolSt k|:t't ug'{ g} n]vsLo cfwf/ ePsf]n] of] ;xh 5}g . t/ ug}{ g;lsg] sfd eg] of] xf]Og .

ljBfno txb]lv g} s'g} klg ;fdflhs ;jfndf ax; ug]{, eO/x]sf] cj:yfaf/] k|Zg p7fpg], b[li6sf]0f agfpg], ts{ / tYo hf]8]/ x]g]{, sNkgfzLntfnfO{ oyfy{sf] w/ftn;Fu hf]8\g], s'g} klg ;jfnnfO{ ;"Id / ;du|tfdf x]g]{, tfls{stf, ;fdLKotf, oyfy{ / cfbz{larsf] cGt;{DaGw :yflkt ug]{ u/L n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] rng xfd|f] b]zdf vf;} b]lvFb}g . of] cj:yf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] If]qd} klg / ;dLIffdf klg kof{Kt b]lvFb}g .

n]vgdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd lgodx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t} eflifs ;/ntf / ;xL zflAbs 5gf]6, kl/j]z ;fk]If / cfsif{s k|:t'lt, ;Gb]z jf ljifosf] pko'St 5gf]6, ljZj;gLotf, bfz{lgstf / sNkgfzLntflarsf] tfnd]n, ts{zLn / ljrf/f]Q]hs k|:t'ltaf/] Wofg lbg' n]vgdf cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf s'/fdf Wofg glbFbf n]vg k|efjsf/L gx'g] x'Fbf oL ;jfn g ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf 5g\ g cf}krfl/s ;+:yfx¿af6 k|a4{gsf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf 5g\ . clg s;/L x'G5 n]vg ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f <  

xfd|f] b]zdf n]vsx¿n] n]v]sf ;fdu|L kf7s;Dd k'¥ofpg] dfWod klg ;zQm ag]sf 5}gg\ . clxn];Dd oL dfWodx¿df ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ dfWod eg]sf k|sfzg u[xx¿ / ljt/0f ;+:yfx¿ Gf} x'g\ . ;DkGg b]zx¿df xf;{/ sf]lnG;, l;dg PG8 ;':6/, Dofsldng, ljnL, :sf]nfl:6s, lko/;g, Dofslu|plxn, l:k|Gh/, yf]df; ?O6/, l/n]S; u'|k, cS;km8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];, SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];,An'D;a]/L h:tf k':ts k|sfzg sDkgLx¿ 5g\ h;n] n]vsn] n]v]sf s'/f  k|sfzg ug]{dfq x}g n]vssf] Ifdtf ljsf;df ;d]t nufgL u5{g\ . To:tf k|sfzg ;+:yfx¿n] u'0f:t/Lo k|sfzg / ljt/0fdfkm{t n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/fpF5g\ . ;DkGg b]zx¿df /fHosf gLlt klg k|a4{gfTds x'G5g\ .  ;d'bfodf k':tsfno :yfkgf, k':tsfno k|j4{gdf ;d'bfo, ljåfg\, /fhgLlt1, Jofkf/L / cfdgful/ssf] of]ubfg, ;xL lgodgsf] Joj:yf;d]t x'G5 / To;n] klg n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

g]kfndf k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf nflu bt{f ubf{ nfu' ePsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ n]vsd}qL agfpg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfn k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{non] ;|i6fx¿n] ;Dkfbg / ;xn]vg u/]sf lstfax¿ btf{ ubf{ ;xn]vg ePsf lstfax¿ ;a} n]vssf] ;fd"lxs gfddf / ;Dkflbt lstfadf d"n lstfa ;Dkfbs / lstfa leqsf kl/R5]bx¿ hh;n] n]v]sf] xf] pgLx¿;d]tsf] gfddf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ x'g] u/L btf{ ul/lbFbf ;xn]vg / ;x;Dkfbgsf lstfax¿df pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ klg btf{ eO{ af}l4s clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t dd{ sfod x'g] lyof] . o; ;jfndf hf] d"n ;Dkfbs xf] p;}n] e/]sf] kmd{af6 k|df0fkq lbFbf hf] h;n] of]ubfg u/]sf] -;Dkfbg÷n]vg_ xf] tL ;a}nfO{ ToxL Pp6} k|df0fkqdf cf–cfˆgf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ v'nfO{ k|df0fkq lbg' pko'St x'G5 .

 

$= n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{g

g]kfndf n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ck]lIft ¿kdf ljsf; x'g g;Sg'sf] Psdfq sf/0f 5}g . o;sf w]/} / cGt;{DalGWft sf/0fx¿ b]lvG5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ gLltut, sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fl1s eg]/ klg juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . oL ;a}sf] PsLs[t ?kdf ;Daf]wg u/]/dfq n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k|a4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . tL ;jfnx¿af/] oxfF 5f]6f] rrf{ ul/G5 .

 

s= gLltut / sfg'gL k|fjwfg

clxn] n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ /fHosf] k|i6 gLlt / Tof] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;xhLs/0fd'vL sfg'gsf] cefj b]lvG5 . xfn;Dd lzIff, ;fdflhs ljsf; jf c¿ o:t} gLltsf] c:ki6 k|fjwfg / ljleGg If]qsf sfg'g cfslif{t x'g] x'Fbf n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltn] ;xhLs/0fsf] jftfj/0f kfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . pko'St /fli6«o k':tsgLltn] n]vg, k|sfzg / k7gsf] cGt{;DalGwt ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

cGt;{DalGWft b'O{ kIf -gLlt / sfg'g_ sf] ;xhLs/0fljgf n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'Fb}g . :jb]zL k|sfzg u[xx¿nfO{ k|a4{g ug]{, :jb]zd} k':tsx¿ / n]vx¿ k|sfzg ug{, las|Lljt/0f ug{, k':tsfno :yfkgf ug{ gLlt / sfg'gn] ;xhLs/0f ul/lbg' kb{5 . 1fg lgdf{0faf6 ;dfh ?kfGt/0f ug]{ cleofgnfO{ ;dfh / /fHon] cfly{s nfexflg / lgoGq0fsf] cfFvfaf6 dfq x]g'{ xF'b}g .

 

v= k|Zff;lgs ;xhLs/0f

xfd|f k|zf;lgs k|fawfgx¿ olt emGeml6nf / lg?T;flxt ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ ls tL k|zf;lgs sfof{nox¿df ;s];Dd hfg gk/] x'GYof] eGg] x'G5 ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ . To;}n] /fHo ;+/rgfsf lhDd]jf/ k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{z}nL / Aojxf/ ;]jfu|fxL d}qLagfpg cfjZos 5 .

 

u= ;fdflhs lrGtg

n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltn] ;Dd'Ggt ;dfh lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg ub{5,To;}n] ;dfhn] n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k|a4{g ug'{ kb{5 eGg] cGt;{DalGwt dfGotfsf] ljsf;  ;dfhdf geP;Dd n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; sl7g x'G5 . xfd|f] ;dfhn] ;fd'bflos k':tsfno :yfkgf / k|a4{g, k':ts n]vg, k|sfzgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k9\g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{nfO{ ;dfh / ;d'bfosf bfloTjsf ¿kdf l:jsf/L 6f]n–6f]n, ufpF–ufpF / ;d'bfo–;d'bfodf k':tsfno, n]vg–k7g Sna / n]vg k7gdf ;+nUgx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;+:sf/ ljsf; gu/L n]vg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; sl7g 5 . t/ o:tf] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug{ ;Dej 5 .

 

3= cfly{s kIf

n]vg / k7g ;+:s[lt cfly{s hLjg;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] s'/f xf] . n]vs / kf7sn] cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] Joj:yf gu/L of] If]qdf nfu]/ cem} klg hLljsf wfGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . n]vg / k7g j[lQ lbg] -/fHo, ;dfh, lghL If]qaf6_ cEof; cToGt} guGo 5 . kf7sx¿n] k9\g rfx]sf] k':ts vl/b ug{ sl7gfO{ kg]{ cj:yf klg x'G5 . k':sfnosf] cefjn] jf k':tsfno pknAw ePklg ToxfF rflxPsf k':tssf] cefjn] kf7sn] k9\g kfPsf] xF'b}g .

7'nf–7'nf k|sfzg u[xx¿sf] ljsf; / la:tf/ geO;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghL If]qn] klg n]vg / k7g j[lQ, tflnd cflb pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fgf–;fgf :jb]zL k|sfzg u[xx¿n] klg ljljw vfnsf k|zf;lgs sl7gfO em]Ng' k/]sf] -eG;f/, s/, 9'jfgL, e08f/0f cflb_ sf/0f klg n]vg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltdf k|efj k/]sf] ;'lgG5 . oL ;a} ;d:ofnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf gLltut, sfg'gL tj/af6 ;Daf]wg ug]{ / :yflgo ;/sf/x¿, :yfgLo Sna, ;d'bfon] n]vg–k7g j[lQ pknAw u/fpg cfjZos 5 .

ª= k|fl1s÷af}l4s kIf

g]kfndf clxn] klg of] k|fl1s–jf}l4s ju{ km/s / v'Nnf x[bon] n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df nfu]sf] b]lvFb}g . cToGt ;fF3'/f] bfo/fdf -;fgf–;fgf sf]7] ;ª\u7g / cgf}krfl/s Snasf] ¿kdf :yflkt eO{ cfˆgf] jr{:j /x]sf] efgdf_ /dfpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oyfy{df of] ju{ 1fg, kx'Fr / ;fdflhs :jLsfo{tf a9L ePsf], n]vg k7g ;+:s[lts} cª\usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] / ;fdflhs bfloTj klg n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;s} ePsf] x'Fbf o; ;d"xsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g'kg]{ xf] t/ Tof] ePsf] b]lvFb}g . a? pN6} /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf ;fgf–;fgf ;d"x / pk ;d"x v8f u/L csf]{ ;d"xsf] cfnf]rgf, l/;/fudf a9L ;ls|o ePsf] b]lvG5 .

ha;Dd k|fl1s, af}l4s ju{ lgikIf, lg8/, /fhgLlts :jfy{ eGbfdfly /x]/ j[xQ/ b[li6sf]0faf6 ;fdflhs cu'jfsf] ¿kdf n]vg–k7g ;+:s[lt k|a4{g ug{ nflukb}{g Tolta]nf;Dd n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; x'g sl7g 5 .

 

%= lgisif{

n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; klg ;dfh ljsf;;Fu} b]zsf]÷;dfhsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;;Fu} cufl8 a9\g] lg/Gt/ k|ls|of ePsf]n] g]kfndf ljsf; x'Fb} u/]sf] n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltnfO{ oxL dfGotfdf x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|ls|ofdf g]kfndf klg la:tf/} n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; t xF'b} uO/x]sf] 5 t/ v08 $ df pNn]v ul/Psf cGt;{DalGwt sf/0fx¿sf] plrt ;Daf]wg / cEof; k|a4{g ug{ ;lsPg eg] n]vg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k"0f{ ljsf; geO{ To;nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+hfn / cGo dfWodn] lj:yflkt ul/lbg] ;Defjgf klg 5 .

gf]6 M

of] sfo{kq l;4fGt, bz{g / k|fl1s n]vgdfcfwfl/t geO{ n]vssf] ef]ufO / cg'e"ltdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] kf7s÷>f]tfx¿n] To;/L g} a'lemlbg x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w 5 . ;fy} d]/f] ef]ufO / cg'ejnfO{ sfo{kqsf] ¿kdf @)&( j}zfv !) ut] gf/fo0flx6Ldf g]kfn /fli6«o k':ts ljt/s tyf k|sfzs ;ª\3 / g]kfn k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{non] ljZj k':ts tyf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lbj;sf] pknIodf ;+o'Qm ?kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] /fli6«o uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ul/lbg ldq lnvt kf08]n] cg'/f]w ug'{ ePsf]df pxfFk|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . ;fy}, ;dLIfs 8f=d'lQm l/hfnnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfasf] nflu / efiff ;Dkfbgsf nflu 8f= d's'Gb s6\6]nnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb . ;DalGwt ;a}af6 /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .

Public policy review: state and dimensions

 

;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] cj:yf / cfofdx¿

                                    8f= lji0f' /fh pk|]tL*

                                    8f= emd s'df/ ljZjsdf{**

!= ljifok|j]z

;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ leGg leGg tl/sfn] kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/n efiffdf ;/sf/n] cfÏgf gful/ssf] / /fi6«sf] lxtdf sfo{ ug{sf] nflu jf /fHon] gful/s / ;dfhk|ltsf] cfÏgf] bfloŒj k"/f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s] ug]{ s] gug]{ eg]/ JoQm u/]sf] c7f]6, k|lta4tf ;lxtsf] dfu{lrqnfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt elgG5, h'g ;fdfGotof cflwsfl/s b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs gLltn] ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;dfgtf, ;dGoflostf / ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df ;dfh;Dd k'¥ofpg] cf}hf/, dfWod tyf ljlwsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 (Sen, 2009) . /fHon] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] dfWodåf/f cfÏgf of]hgf tyf ;]jf k|jfx ub{5 .o;k|sf/, gLltx¿ ;+ljwfgn] lgb[i6 u/]sf nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ s]lGb|t x'G5g\, x'g'kb{5 . To;sf/0f, b]zsf gful/sx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf/ eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] ;Defljt ;d:ofx¿sf] cf“sng u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tyf /fHosf ;]jfnfO{ gful/s;Dd ;d'lrt 9ª\un] k'¥ofpg /fHon] cjnDag u/]sf] dfu{lrq / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ vfsf ;lxtsf] ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfut bf:Tffj]hnfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt eGg ;lsG5 -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{, @)&*_ .

nf;fG; / ;k|'sf cg';f/ lglZrt cjwf/0f jf larf/åf/f lgb]{lzt ;dfhsf ;fGble{s / jf:tljs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ;+:yfut k|:tfj ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] (Sapru, 2002 and Lassance, 2020) . ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿ ;fwf/0ftM /fHoåf/f th'{df ul/Psf sfo{qmd tyf sfo{ljlw dfkm{t sfof{Gjog x'G5g\ (Pinfret et al., 2019), h;n] ;fdflhs d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . ;f/df, ;fj{hlgs gLltn] ;/sf/ / gful/s larsf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{, ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ / cgd gful/ssf cfjZostf / d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . olb gLlt Tof] lbzfdf s]lGb|t 5}g eg] gLltsf] pQm dfGotf k"/f x'g]u/L gLlt agfOg'k5{ .

cfd gful/ssf] cfjZostf tyf ;/f]sf/sf] ;Daf]wg dfkm{t /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+j4{g tyf k|j4{g ug'{ /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . ;f]xL st{Jo k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n] clVtof/ ug]{ /0fgLlt, ljlw / k|q[mof tyf ck]lIft kl/0ffdsf] cf“sng ug]{ k|lta4tf ;lxtsf] dfu{lrq cfjZos kb{5, h;nfO{ hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ¿kdf cfÏgf gful/s ;dIf k|:t't ug]{ ub{5g\ (Rijal & Upreti, 2021) .

gLltnfO{ cem km/flsnf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ /fHosf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g, P]g, sfo{ljlw nufotsf ;/sf/L b:tfj]hnfO{ klg ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 (Rijal & Upreti, 2021) . tyflk, ;fw/0fto sfg"g / gLlt aGg] k|lqmof eg] km/s x'G5 . hgtfn] 5fg]sf k|ltlglwn] ljwflosL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lglZrt ljlw / k|lqmof dfkm{t\ ljwflosfaf6 aGg] sfg"g /fi6« k|d'vn] k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 nfu' x'G5 eg] ;fj{hlgs gLlt / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ljlw nufotsf b:tfj]h eg] sfo{kflnsfsf] txdf lgdf{0f x'G5 / To;nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg dGqLd08naf6 cg'df]bg ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt / sfg"g b'O{ leGg k|lqmofaf6 aGg] ePsf] x'“bf oL b'O{sf] lardf leGgtf x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog afWofTds x'G5 / sfof{Gjog gx'“bf ;hfosf] eflubf/ aGg'kg]{ x'G5 eg] sfo{sf/Lsf] txaf6 th'{df ul/Psf gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog gx'“bf sf]xL klg ;hfosf] eflubf/ aGg' kb}{g .

gLlt sfof{Gjog gx'“bf ;hfo cfslif{t gx'g] k|rlnt cEof;n] ubf{ xfd|f] b]zdf ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf lkmtnf] ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 (Rijal & Upreti, 2021) . oyfy{df eGg] xf] eg] sfg"g / gLlt Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f -%!_ n] gLltsf] ljifodf ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿ pnn]v u/]sf] x'“bf ;+ljwfg / sfg"g klg /fHosf a[xt\ gLlt g} x'g\, h;n] /fHosf] pQ/bfloŒj jxg ug]{ tyf nIo / of]hgf k"/f ug]{ sfo{df du{bz{g ub{5g\ .

@= ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cj:yf

g]kfndf cg';Gwfg / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t gLlt aGg] / agfOg] cEof; cem};Dd ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . /fi6« / cfd gful/ssf] ;jf]{Qd lxtdf agfOg] gLltsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof k|df0fdf cfwfl/t / ;+:yfut x'g'kg]{ ;jfn dfq} xf]Og ljifoj:t' s]lGb|t / kl/0ffd'vL gLlt agfpg] / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;jfndf klg /fhgLlts g]t[Œj / sd{rf/LtGqsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . gLlt dfkm{t /fli6«o Pstf / ;fj{hlgs enfOsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ bfloŒj hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglw cyjf /fhgLlt bnx¿sf] x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Jojxf/df ptfg{ /fHon] ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 (Shrestha, 2021) . Psftkm{, k|efjsf/L gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] ;'wf/ cfjZostf b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tfkm{, ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfs} k|lqmofdf Jofks ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

If]qut gLltx¿df Ps¿ktf b]lv“b}g .;fj{hlgs gLltdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfjZos x'G5, h'g clxn] cEof;df /x]sf] kfOb}g . s]xL jif{ cufl8 dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fdf Ps?ktf Nofpg vfsf tof/ u/]sf] eP klg Tof] ;xh ¿kdf pknAw ePsf] cyjf gLlt th'{df ubf{ ;f]xL vfsf k|of]u u/]sf] klg kfOb}g . gLltsf] ;+/rgfut Ps¿ktfsf] ;jfn gLlt sfof{Gjog / ;dLIff;“u uf“l;Psf] x'G5 . To;sf/0f,  ha;Dd ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|i6 dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOb}g ta;Dd ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kIf klg lkmtnf] x'G5 / ;dLIffdf klg Ps¿ktf cfpg ;Sb}g -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{_ .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfnox? cGtu{t sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf s]xL gLltx¿sf] ljifo ;"rL / gLlt b:tfj]hdf ;dfj]z ePsfljj/0fx?sf] t'ngfTds cWoog ubf{ Ps¿ktf kfOPg . x/]s gLltsf] ;+/rgf km/s x'g'sf ;fy} sltko gLltx¿df k6\of/ nfUbf ljj/0x¿ -h'g ;fj{hlgs gLlt bf:tfj]df;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] nflu;Dd ;fGble{s 5g\_ ;dfj]]]z ePsf] kfOG5 . Toltdq} xf]Og, gLltsf] b:tfj]hleqsf] gLlt k|fjwfgnfO{ klg xfn;DdsfgLltx?df gLlt g} elgPsf] 5 . Pp6f k|fawfg klg gLlt / l;ª\uf] b:tfj]hnfO{ klg gLlt eGbf o;n] cjwf/0fut ciki6tf ;d]t l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, gLlt k|fawfg, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] lardf klg tfnd]n gx'g], gLlt sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/e"t zt{sf] af/]df k|i6tf gx'g] nufotsf ;d:of xfnsf gLlt b:tfj]hx¿df b]lvG5 . gLlt b:tfj]hn] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/e"t zt{x¿sf] af/]df k|i6¿kdf gaf]n];Dd gLltdf ePsf k|Fawfgx¿ sfof{Gjogdf hl6ntf b]lvg' :jefljs xf] .

gLlt th'{df / ;dLIffsf] ;jfndf b]lvPsf pNn]lvt ljljw ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ p2]Zon] gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgn] sl/a !# b]lv !$ dlxgfsf] cg';Gwfg / ;ldIffTds cEof;sf] cfwf/df b]xfo adf]lhdsf b'O{j6f kl/k"/s dfu{bz{gx¿[1] tof/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]; u/]sf] 5M

s_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g, @)&*, /

v_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;ldIffsf] dfu{bz{g, @)&* .

 

gLlt ;dLIffsf] cfofd -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– !_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{bz{gdf k|:tfj ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– @_, / ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;+/rgf -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– #_  nfO{ o; b:tfj]hdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs th'{df / ;dLIffsf leGg leGg ljlw / k|s[of pknAw ePklg /fHo4f/f th'{df ul/g] gof“ gLlt / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf gLlt ;ldIffdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg] ;jfndf pk/f]Qm b'Oj6f du{bz{g dxŒjk"0f{ x'g]5g\ .

#= gLlt ;dLIff

;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;dLIff eGgn] s'g} klg df}h'bf gLltsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof, ljifoj:t', sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd / k|efj s] s:tf] /Xof], kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df gLltsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, df}h'bf gLltsf] lg/Gt/tf, kl/dfh{g jf vf/]h / gof“ gLlt th'{df nufotsf ljljw ;jfnsf] lg¿k0f ug{ ul/g] k'g/fjnf]sgnfO{ g} gLlt ;dLIff elgG5 . gLlt ;dLIff lsg cfjZos 5 eGg] ;jfn gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd, k|efj / cf}lrTo;“u uf“l;Psf] x'G5 . ;a} gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] txdf ghfg ;S5g, sltko sfof{Gjog ePsf gLltn] ck]lIft kl/0ffd glbg ;S5g\ / sltko gLlt kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df c;fGble{s klg x'g;S5g\ . To;sf/0f, gLlt s;/L aGof], s:tf] aGof], sfof{Gjogdf hfg ;Sof] jf ;s]g, To;sf] kl/0ffd tyf k|efj s:tf] /Xof] / To;k|sf/sf] gLltsf] cfjZostf 5 jf 5}g eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug cfjlws ¿kdf ul/g] gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg g} gLlt ;dLIff xf] . gLlt ;dLIffn] d'ntM rf/ j6f ;jfnsf] lg¿k0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5M lg/Gt/tf, kl/dfh{g, vf/]hL jf vf/]hLkl5 gof“ gLltsf] th'{df .

gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof, ljifoj:t', sfof{Gjog / k|efj u/L rf/j6f cfofd -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– !_sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf / ljifoj:t'sf] rog s;/L klxrfg ul/of], To;sf] k|lqmof s;/L cuf8L a9\of] / s;/L ;DkGg eof] eGg] s'/f k|lqmof cGtu{t x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] ljifoj:t' cGtu{t gLlt ;+/rgfsf] ;dLIff ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L, ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu s] s:tf k"jf{wf/, hgzlQm, pks/0f, sfg"g jf ljQLo ;|f]t rflxg] xf] / To;sf] pknAwtf lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/fnfO{ sof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff cGtu{t ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] gLlt k|efjsf] cfofdn] gLlt sfof{Gjogaf6 nlIft ju{, ;d'bfo jf If]qdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/ jf ¿kfGt/0f Nofof] eGg] s'/fsf] ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

 

lrq–!M ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf cfofdx¿ .

#=! ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIff s;/L ug]{ <

…;fj{hlgs gLltsf] s;/L ;dLIff ug]{Ú eGg] ;jfn ;dLIfssf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;j{k|tdtM df}h'bf ;fj{hlgs gLlt kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df k"0f{tf jf ck"0f{tf, 7Ls jf a]7Ls / ;fGble{s jf c;fGble{s s] s:tf] 5 eg]/ ;k|df0f ljZn]if0f ubf{ s'g–s'g ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kb{5 eGg] ;jfnn] gLlt s;/L ;dLIff ug]{ eGg] k|Zg;“u cGt/lglxt 5 . gLlt ;dLIffsf] ;jfndf bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf rflx“ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfkb08nfO{ To;sf] ;+/rgf / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofn] klg lgwf{/0f ub{5 . To;}n], ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIff ubf{ gLlt th'{dfsf] k|lqmof, ljifoj:t', sof{Gjog, kl/0ffd tyf k|efjnfO{ ;k|df0f ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

#=!=! gLlt th'{df k|lqmofsf] ;dLIff

;j{k|ydtM gLlt ;dLIff ubf{ pQm gLlt s'g ljlw jf k|lqmofnfO{ ckgfP/ th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] eg]/ ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLlt th'{df ubf{ æ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f rqmÆsf] cjwf/0f -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– @_nfO{ cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fn] gLltsf] k"0f{tf jf ck"0f{tf / ;/f]sf/jfnsf] cfkgŒj / :jfldŒj :yflkt u5{ jf ub}{g eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . gLlt ljifoj:t' / ;Gbe{sf lx;fan] k"0f{tf / ;fGble{s x'g ;s]g eg] / gLltk|lt cfd ;/f]sf/jfnfn] :jfldŒj / ckgŒj u|x0f ug{ ;s]gg\ eg] Tof] gLlt ;xh sfof{Gjogdf hfg ;Sb}g . olb sfof{Gjogdf uP klg To;sf] kl/0ffd / k|efj ck]Iffs[t x'g;Sb}g . oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ gLlt th'{dfsf] k|lqmofnf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsf] x'“bf of] gLlt ;dLIffsf] klxnf] zt{ xf] .

 

lrq– @M ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf] k|lqmof– gLlt rqm .

 

gLlt th'{df k|lqmofsf] csf]{ kIf xf]– gLlt ljifosf] ;|f]t klxrfg tyf k|fyldsLs/0f . s'g} klg gLlt th'{dsf] dxŒjk"0f{ zt{ eg]sf] cfjZostf xf] / cfjZostfn] ljifoj:t'sf] l;h{gf ub{5, h;nfO{ gLltsf] ;|f]t elgG5 . gLlt th'{dfsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ x'G5g\ . gLlt th'{df ug]{ qmddf To;tf ;|F]tx¿sf] klxrfg / k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLltsf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿ eg]sf ;dfhsf cfjZostf, dfu / /fHosf] bfloŒj g} x'g\, h;;“u ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . lsgsL, ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf xs clwsf/sf] ;'lgZrttf / pkef]usf nflu g} gLlt agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, /fhgLlts kf6L{sf 3f]if0fkqx¿, /fi6« k|d'v jf ;/sf/ k|d'vxn] /fi6«sf] gfddf u/]sf ;Daf]wgx¿ jf cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df /fi6«sf] tkm{af6 JoQm u/]sf wf/0ff tyf k|lta4tfx¿, ;/sf/ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] bnsf] ;f]r tyf cjwf/0ff, Gofonoaf6 x'g]] km};nf tyf cfb]zx¿, cfd gful/sn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf p7fPsf ljifoj:t', /fHosf bfloŒjx¿ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf qmddf pTkGg ;jfnx¿, ;+;bdf ePsf ax; / lgb]{zgx¿, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / cGo ;ª\s6n] l;h{gf u/]sf ;jfnx¿ nufot ljifoj:t' gLlt th'{dfsf ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{_ . To;sf/0f, gLlt ;dLIfsn] gLlt gLlt th'{dsf] k|lqmofsf] ;dLIff ubf{ s'g ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df gLlt th'{df ul/Psf] xf] / ;do / ;Gbe{sf lx;fan] ;|f]tsf] ;xL klxrfg tyf k|fyldsLs/0f x'g ;s]sf] lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/fsf] klg ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

To;}u/L, gLlt th'{df k|lqmofsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf]– gLltdf 1fgsf] klxrfg tyf pkof]u . gLlt th'{dfsf qmddf ;dfhdf /x]sf ljljw 1fgsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ ;lsPg eg] To;n] ;d:ofsf] ;xL ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g . cyf{t\ gLltsf] bfo/f / b"/b[li6tf ;ª\s'lrt x'gk'Ub5 . ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;|f]t ax'cfoflds x''G5 . gLlt th'{dfsf qmddf hlt w]/} 1fgsf] pkof]u x'g;Sof] Toltg} w]/} gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf x'G5 / To;sf] kl/0ffd / k|efj klg ck]lIft g} x'G5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt th'{dfsf qmddf 5'6fpg} gx'g] b]xfo adf]lhdsf rf/ k|sf/sf 1fgsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5M  

s_ k|fl1s 1fg, h'g cWoog / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt x'G5,

v_ af}l4s 1fg, h'g lrGtg, ;fwgf, r]tgf, :jWofo tyf af}l4stfdf cfwfl/t x'G5,

u_ ;fdflhs 1fg, h'g ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf vfl/b} / pkof]u x'“b} cfPsf] x'G5, /

3_ k|zf;sLo 1fg, h'g sd{rf/L ju{sf] a[xt\ cg'ejdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .

 

gLlt /fHon] agfpg] / gLlt /fHo tyf cfd gful/ssf] clwstd lxtsf nflu sfof{Gjog ul/g] x'“bf gLltdf hlt w]/} 1fg pkof]usf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sof] Tolt w]/} gLltsf] bfo/f km/flsnf], a'emfO{ ulx/f] x'G5 / gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;Defjgf klg clws x'G5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt th'{df k|lqmofsfsf] ;dLIff ubf{ 1fgsf] pkof]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbOof] jf lbOPg, 1fgsf] pkof]u s;/L ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] s'/f]sf] klg ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

#=!=@ ljifoj:t'sf] ;dLIff 

gLlt ;dLIffsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ d'2f eg]sf] ljifoj:t' xf] . s'g} klg If]qut gLltdf To; If]qsf ljBdfg ;d:of / To;nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;d]l6g'kg]{ ljifoj:t' tyf b[li6sf]0f s'g xb;Dd klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] g} gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd / k|efjnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{_ . gLltsf] ;+/rgfn] ljifoj:t'sf] klxrfg / :t/Ls/0f ug{ ;xh x'g] ePsf] x'“bf gLlt ;+/rgf -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– #_ klg dxŒjk"0f{ x'g cfp“5 .

lrq– #M ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;+/rgf .

 

To;sf/0f, ljifoj:t' slt k|i6 ?kdf / Jofks ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5, ljleGg gLlt k|fjwfgx¿ / gLlt k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf n}hfg] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx¿ slt cGt/;DalGwt / kl/k"/s 5g\ eGg] ljifoj:t' ;dLIffsf d'2fx¿ x'g\ . gLlt ;dLIff ubf{ gLltsf ljifj:t' slt ulx/fO{df uP/ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5, cfjZostf, ;Gbe{ / ;|F]tsf cfwf/df gLlt k|fjwfgx¿ ;xh sfof{Gjogdf hfg] vfnsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\, gLltsf] ljifoj:t' kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;do;fk]If 5 jf 5}g eGg] ljifonfO{ ;k|df0f ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{, @&*_ . gLlt ;dLIfsn] gLltsf ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lts/0f gLlt ;+/rgf -lrq– #_ cg'¿k g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

#=!=# gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff 

;fj{hlgs gLlt aGg] k|lqmof hlt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kIf Tolts} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . lsgsL, gLlt sof{Gjogsf cfÏg} zt{ x'G5g\ . cyf{t\, gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofn] s]xL s'/fsf] dfu ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff ubf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf zt{ tyf dfu s]–s] x'G5g\, To;sf] pknAwtf lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/fsf] uxn ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf cfwf/de"t zt{x¿sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5M

s_ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm

v_ ljQLo ;|f]t

u_ sfg"gL k|aGw

3_ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf

ª_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, pks/0f, ;Lk tyf k|ljlw

r_  cGt/lgsfo tyf cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo

5_  cGt/gLlt ;DaGw

oL kf“r j6f zt{n] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{5 . gLltdf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/e"t zt{x¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/Psf] 5}g eg] To;tf gLlt sfof{Gjogdf hfg] ;Defjgf Go"g /xG5 . gLlt ag]kl5 ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ck]Iff cg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf hfg ;Sb}g eg] To;n] /fHo / gful/ssf] lardf b/f/ k}bf ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt ;dLIfsn] ;dLIffsf qmdd oL ;ft}j6f ljifosf] af/]df gLltn] af]n]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] ;dLIff ug{ 5'6fpg' x'“b}g .

#=!=$ kl/0ffd / k|efjsf] ;dLIff 

gLlt ;dLIffsf] csf]{ dxŒk"0f kIf xf]– gLltsf] kl/0ffd / k|efj . kl/0ffd / k|efj b'O{ leGg ljifo eP klg o;nfO{ ;“u} hf]8]/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 -kf7s / pk|]tL, @)&*_ . gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] r//0fdf uO;s]kl5 Ps k|sf/sf] kl/0ffd cfpg;Sb5 . tyflk, To;n] nlIft ju{, ;d'bfo jf If]qdf s:tf] k|efj kf¥of], s] ?kfGt/0f Nofof] jf s] x'gaf6 arfof] eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kl/0ffd tTsfn cfpg klg ;Sb5, t/ k|efjsf] nflu s]xL ;do nfUb5 . gLlt ;dLIffsf qmddf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kl/0ffd s] cfof] / To;n] s:tf] k|efj kf¥of] eGg] s'/f x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLltsf] k|efj ;dLIffsf nflu s]xL cfwf/e"t ;"rs tyf gLltsf] If]q / ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df s]xL ljlzi6 ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;"rs hlt k|i6 / ljifos]lGb|t eof] ;dLIff Toltg} k|efjsf/L x'G5 -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{, @)&*_ .

 

o; cy{df ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;dLIff lgs} uxg ljifo xf] / o;sf] nflu oy]i6 ;do nfUb5 . sltko gLltsf] ;dLIff ubf{ tf]lsPsf] If]q / ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;d'bfo;Dd hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .  hgzlQm gLlt ;dLIffsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . . gLlt ;dLIffsf nflu bIf hgzlQm -;fj{hlgs gLltsf ljifodf bvn /fVg]_, ;xL ljlwsf] tyf tYofª\ssf] pkof]u / uxg ljZn]if0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 -kf7s / pk|]tL, @)&*≤ pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{, @)&*_ . gLltsf] k|efj / kl/0ffd b'O{ leGg s'/f ePsf] x'“bf ;dLIfsn] kl/0ffd eGbf To;n] kf/]sf] k|efj jf ?kfGt/0fdf s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .  

 

$= ­;f/f+z

;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIff Ps–cfk;df ulx/f];“u hf]l8Psf ljifo x'g\ . jf:tjdf gLlt lgdf{0f gLlt ;dLIffsf] af]w u/]sf] x'G5 eg] gLlt ;dLIffn] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] kl/k"/ssf] sfd ub{5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt lgdf{tfsf nflu gLlt ;dLIffsf / gLlt ;dLIfssf nflu gLlt lgdf{0fsf k|lqmof, ljlw, ljifoj:t', ;+/rgf, cGt/;DaGw tyf cfofd nufotsf] /fd|f] 1fg x'g cfjZos 5 .

;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIff lgs} hl6n k|s[of / uxg sfo{ ePsf]n] o;sf] nflu ;xL ljlw, ;Ifd hgzlQm / ;|f]tsf] cfjZos kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fubf{ To;sf] k|lqmof, ljlw, ljifoj:t', ;+/rgf nufotsf] s'/fdf lglZrt dfkb08sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;n] b'O{ j6f s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{5– klxnf], gLltdf x'g'kg]{ ljifoj:t' tyf sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf, / bf];|f], gLlt ;dLIffsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;'lglZrttf . gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf b'O{j6f b:tfj]hx¿–!_ æ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g, @)&*Æ / @_ æ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{bz{g, @)&*Æ[2] gLlt th'{df / ;dLIffsf] ;jfndf k|efjsf/L x'g] ePsf] x'“bf g]kfn ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ dkb08sf] ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf n}hfbf o;n] gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv, sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd, k|efj / ;dLIff;Ddsf] txdf ;sf/fTds ¿kfGt/0f Nofpg ;Sb5 . gLltk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnsf] :jfldŒj / ckgŒj :yflkt x'g ;Sof] eg], gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd / k|efj ck]lIft x'g ;Sof] eg], gLlt ;dLIffn] gLltdf ljBdfg sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;/f]sf/jfnsf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ ;Sof] eg] To;n] gLltsf] p2]Zo k"/f u/L /fli6«o lxtsf] clej[l4 ug'{sf;fy}/fHo–gful/s ;DaGwdf ;d]t of]ubfg ub{5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|Lx¿

pk|]tL, lji0f' /fh / ljZjsdf{, emd s'df/ . -@)&*_ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{b{zg . sf7df8f}“M gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

pk|]tL, lji0f' /fh / ljZjsdf{, emd s'df/ . -@)&*_ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{b{zg . sf7df8f}“M gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

kf7s, k|tfk s'df/, pk|]tL, lji0f' /fh / v8sf, bLks s'df/ . -@)&*_ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df lbUbz{g . sf7df8f}“M gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

Lassance, Antonio. (2020). What is a Policy and What is a Government Program? A Simple Question with no Clear Answer, Until Now. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3727996

Pinfret, Sara. R., Scheberle, Denise, & Pautz, Michelle C. (2019). Public Policy: A Concise Introduction. California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Rijal, Mukti Ram & Upreti, Bishnu Raj. (2021). Reflecting on Public Policy Landscape in Nepal. Kathmandu: Policy Research Institute.

Sapru, R.K. (2000). Public Policy: Formulation, Implementation and Evaluation. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Ltd.

Sen, Amartya. (2009). The Idea of Justice. Cambridge: The Belknap Press.

Shrestha, Madhav. (2021). Public policy implementation: Ways to upending barriers. The Himalayan. https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/public-policy-implementation-ways-to-upending-barriers. Accessed: 12 December 12, 2021.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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* sfo{sf/L cWoIf, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}“ .

** ;xcg';Gwfgstf{, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}“ .

 

[1]   ldlt @)&* ;fn dª\l;/ !& ut] gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] cg'/f]wdf d'Vo ;lrjåf/f k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf cfof]lht ;a} dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿sf] a}7sdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g, @)&* / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{bz{g, @)&* k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oL b'O{ dfu{bz{gx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjogdf NofPdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf cfwf/e"t ¿kfGt/0f x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o;n] gLlt ;dLIffsf] ;jfndf klg 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] 5 .

[2]    b'a}j6f b:tfj]h– ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{zb{g, @)&* / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{bz{g, @)&* sf] k"0f{ b:tfj]h gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] j]j;fO6 www.pri.gov.np af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

Public events and speakers conduct

 

;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd / jQmf af/]

lai0f' /fh pk|]tL

oxL @)&* >fjg !^ ut] zlgaf/ jGbgf /f0fhLn] cg'ejaf6 lbSbf/ eP/ Pp6f cln leGg k|s[ltssf] jx; sfo{qmdsf] ;+of]hg ug'{ eof] . xfdLn] Psxb ;Dd blIf0f Pl;ofnL d"n'sx?df / cToflws dfqfdf g]kfndf b]lvPsf], ef]luPsf] ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd / jQmfsf] eGbf rl/qsf] af/]df of] sfo{qmd nlIft lyof] .

g]kfndf kl5Nnf jx;x?df ;/sf/L If]q, u}X;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q / cem g]kfndf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o  ;+3—;+:yfx? ;d]tn] ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ / kx'Frsf cfwf/df clt ljlzi7, ljlzi7 JolQmx?nfO{ k|d'v cltlt, ljz]if cltly, cltly af]nfpg], o:tf kfx'gf / cfof]hsx?nfO{ cfd >f]tf eGbf leGg, cUnf], ljz]if dGrdf ljz]if dfnf, vfbfsf] Joj:yf ;lxt kfgL, lrofsf] 5'Ý} Joj:yf u/L sfo{qmd ug]{ cEof; Jofks b]llvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ubf{ cfof]hsx?n] zlQm s]Gb|x?;Fu glhs x'g], ;DaGw a9fpg] / cfkm\gf rfxgfx? k'/f ug{, ljlzi7 JolQmx? af]nfpbf ;~rf/ If]qsf] cfsif{0f x'g] x'Fbf /]l8of], 6]nLlehg / cgnfOg dfWodx?af6 cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] sfo{qmdsf] lgMz'Ns k|fo k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g], bftfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] kx'Fr b]vfO{ yk cfly{s ;xof]u lng] / s]xLx? ;Dd cfd gful/sdf hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

t/ o:tf sfo{qmd eGbf ljs[t / lbSs nfUbf x'G5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmd cfof]hsx? k|fo ;dfhdf lrlgPsf, 6f7faf7f, kx'Fr ePsf / Jofks ;~hfn :yfkgf u/L;s]sf x'gfn] pgLx?n] af]nfpg' >f]tfx? klg ;dfhdf lrlgPsf, 6f7faf7fx? g} a9L x'G5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf rflx cfnf]rgfaf6 hf]lug s]xL :yfgLo ;]jfu|fxLx? klg b]vfpg s} nflu ePklg  >f]tfsf] ?kdf cfdGq0f ug]{ k|rng ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts kf6L{x?;Fu ;DalGwt ax';+Vos sfo{qmd / c? ;+3 ;+:yfs} sfo{qmddf klg cToflws ;+Vofdf jQmf  / ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt jQmf /fVg] Psn ;d'x -k'?if÷k\?if jf dlxnf ÷dlxnf_ df tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Dd, 306f} 306f  cltly / d'Vo cltly gcfpg] -kl5 t >f]tfnfO{ Pp6f ;do / k|dv cltlynfO{ !—@ 306f kl5sf] ;do lbg]_ kv{g' kg]{ o;f] ubf{ pkl:lyt dflg;sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;dosf] j/jfbL, ;do Vofn ug]{ >f]tfdfly cGofo / nfdf] ;do k|d'v cltly klv{g' kbf{ lbSs nflu sfo{qmd g} 5f]8]/ lx8\g' kg]{ jf klv{bf csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmd 5'6\g] cj:yf, cfof]hs ;Fusf] ;DaGwdf x/fO{ cfpg] ;Ddsf kl/0ffd klg b]lvPsf 5g\ .

3G6f} kv]{/ sfo{qmd ;'? ePkl5 klg ljifosf] vf; ulx/f] 1fg gePsf nfdf] ;"rLsf jQmfsf] nfdf nfdf c;fGble{s s'/f ;'g]/ lbSs x'g], kfFr ldg]6 ;do ;Ldfsf] k6Ss} kfngf gug]{ -% ldg]6 ;Dd lbOPsf]df $% ldg]6 c;fGbfle{s s'/f ug]{_ cj:yfn] >f]tfx? lbSs dfgL xn 5f]8]/ aflx/ lgl:sg], sfo{qmd g} 5f]8]/ lx8\g] / clGtddf af]Ng] -k|fo; k|d'v cltly _ j]nf d~rdf cfl;g eGbf sd dfq >f]tf x'g], dxTjk"0f{ /fli6«o sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltlys} Wofogfsif{0f u/fpg' kg]{ sf/0f cfof]lht sfo{qmd klg k|d'v jQmf cfO cfkm' af]n]/ ;'Gg' kg]{ s'/f g;'gL lx8\g], k|d'v jQmf aLr}df lx8]kl5 d~rdf cfl;g c?klg  k|d'v cltlys} kl5 kl5 lx8\g], a]n'sfsf] vfgf ;lxt cfof]lht sfo{qmddf vfgf vfg] ;dodf cToGTo Go"g dflg; dfq afFsL /xL vfgf vfg hfg], d~rdf cfl;g JolQmx?sf kTof/ nfUbf rfs/Lo'St, JolQm lkR5] ;DaGw hfg]sf] htL ;'gfpg} kg]{,  >f]tfsf] rfxgf, dgf]lj1fg, ljifosf] ulDeo{tfnfO{ k'/} j]jf:tf ug]{, o:tf sfo{qmddf lagf tof/L, s] ljifo /] < eGb} cfof]hsnfO{ ;f]Wb} af]Ng yfNg], 3f]rk]r, 5]85f8 / cfnf]rgf tyf ufnLnfO{ cfkm\gf] cleJolQm efif0fsf] c+u g} agfpg] h:Tf rl/qx? g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdsf ;femf rl/q g} ePsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf eGbf c? b]zx?df klg ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd o:t} k|s[lt / rl/qsf x'G5g\ t < nueu bz jif{sf] d]/f] o"/f]k a;fO{df d}n] o:tf] slxNo} b]lvg . jQmsf] nflu cufl8 5'Ý} d~r JolQm b]lvb}g eg] jQmf / k|d'v cltly ;dodf gcfpg] / 306f} s'g'{ kg]{  t ToxfF sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}g . 7"nf Jojl:yt sfo{qmdx?df klg ;a} kd'v jQmf, jQmfx? cufl8sf] /f]df ;fgf] sfuhdf æl/he{æ n]lvPsf] l;6df a:g], af]Ng af]nfP kl5 kf]l8oddf u} lbPsf] ;do leq ljifodf dfq  s]lGb|t e} cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fVg], sfo{qmdx? 5f]6f x'g], dfnf, vfbf h:tf cf}krfl/s ultljlw gx'g], JolQm lkR5] ;Daf]wg gu/L sfo{qmdsf] ;efklt / cWoIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L jf of] klg gu/L cfkm\gf s'/f /fVg], sfo{qmsd kl5sf cgf}krfl/s lnÍ sfo{qmddf ;a} dflg;;Fuu} k|d'v cltlyn] cgf}krfl/s tl/sfn] s'/f ug]{ ub{5g\ .

jGbgf /f0fhLn] xfd|f] b]zsf] / ljsl;t -;donfO{ dxTjk"0f{ eGg] _ b]zsf] ;of}+ xhf/f}+ sfo{qmdsf] cg'ejs} cfwf/df of] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 . g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddfly pNn]lvt ljs[tx? Go"lgs/0f u/L gofF ;'?jft ug{ ;lsG5 sL eg]/ . ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf b]lvg] Jolylt htftt} ePklg a9L /fhgLlts kf6L{x?df x'g] ePsf] b]v]/ xf]nf pxfFn] jQmfx? klg /fhgLlts kf6L{sf :yflkt o'jf g]tf÷ g]t[x? g} af]nfpg] ePsf] /x]5 . k"j{ dGqL tyf o'jf g]tf, k|ltgLlw ;efsf ;b:o zlQm a:g]t, ldg ljZjsdf{, /fli6«o ;ef ;b:o eujtL Gof}kfg], o'jf g]tf k|ltgLlw ;ef ;b:o /fh]Gb| lnªb]g / o'jf g]tf k|b]z ;ef ;b:o /fgL zdf{n] of] ;jfndf cfkm\gf ef]ufO{, cg'e'lt / ;'wfg{' kg]{ If]qaf/] cfkm\gf] k|i6 / eljiod"vL  wf/0ff /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . ;a} jQmfx?sf] cleJolQmsf] ;f/ ;+lIfKt lgDg cg';f/ ;+n]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

!_ o:tf sfo{qmdx?df cfd"n ?kfGt/0f cfjZos /x]sf] / o;sf] nflu crf/ ;+lxtf g} cfjZos /x]sf] .

@_ cWoIf / pb3f]ifs Pp6} JolQm /xg] .

#_ d~rdf n}lÍs d}qL tl/sfn] % hgf ;Dd dfq /fVg] -g]kfnL sfFu|]; kf6L{n] t of]  k|fjwfg af/] ;+:yfut lg0f{o g} u/]sf] /x]5_ .

$_ ;s];Dd  jQmf dfly >f]tf tn gu/L Pp6} ;dfg tl/sfn] a:g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

%_ k|To]s jQmfnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;do ;lsP kl5 egfO{ /f]Sg cg'/f]w ug]{ .

^_ sfo{qmd lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} ;'? / cGTo ug]{ .

&_ k|d'v cltly af]nfpg' kg]{ cj:yfdf ;dodf gcfPklg sfo{qmd ;'? ug]{

*_ tf]lsPsf] ljifo eGbf aflx/ u} af]Ng yfn]  ljifo s]lGb|t x'g ;hu u/fpg] .

(_ jQmf 5gf}6 ubf{ yf]/} ;+Vof / ljifo lj1tfsf] cfwf/df dfq ug]{ .

!)_ k|d'v cltly eGbf kb÷zlQm hf]l8g] ePsf]n] k|d'v jQmf eGg] .

!!_ dfnf ,vfbf clj/ h:tf k|lzIfsf z}nL aGb  ug]{ .

oL a'Fbfx?sf] Ps}rf]6L sfof{Gjog TotL ;xh t gxf]nf t/ h] ;lsG5 Tof] nfu' ub}{ hfg ;s]klg s]xL kl/jt{g x'g] lyof] . ;donfO{ >f]t dfGbf !)) hgf dflg;sf] ! 306f v]/ hfg' eg]sf] /fHosf] !)) 306f phf{lzn ;do v]/ hfg' klg xf] . otflt/ ;DalGwt ;a} Wofg hfj; .

 

 

Public Policy Formulation and role of research

 

;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f / cg';Gwfg

 

8=lji0f' /fh pk|]tL[i]

 

Kfl/roM

/fHo ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{  gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfg'g, lgod th'{dfsf] r/0f ;a}eGbf  dxTjk"0f{  x'g cfpF5 . cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t tYok/s ;xL gLltx?n] dfq} zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf, /fHo k|lt hgljZjf;, /fHo / gful/saLrsf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/, /fli6«o :jfy{ tyf /fli6«o ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{ nIo,  /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf,  k//fi6« ;DaGwsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f h:tf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿sf] k|j4{g ub{5 . To;sf/0f /fHon] agfpg] x/]s /fli6«o ;fj{hlgs gLltx? j}1flgs k4ltdf cfwfl/t, hgtf / /fi6«sf ck]Iff / cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L  aGg' kb{5 .  kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ / kl/j]zdf gLlt lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g Ps lg/Gt/ ?kdf rln/xg] rqm xf] .

 

gLlt lgdf{0fsf >f]tx?M

 

/fHon] agfpg] s'g} klg /fli6«o ;fj{hlgs gLltsf k|d'v >f]tx?df clwsf+ztM 3/]n' / s]xL afXo kIf klg ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ . h:t}M hgtfsf] cfjZostf, /fhgLlts kf6L{sf 3f]if0ffkqx?, ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf nIo jf k|jwfgx?, ;Qf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] /fhgLlts bnsf] k|fyldstfx?, /fi6« k|d'v, tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vn] ug]{ ljz]if ;Daf]wg / k|ltj4tf, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, ;GwL ;Demf}tf jf /fi6«n]  cGt/f{li6«o hut;Fu u/]sf] k|ltj4tf, cgk]lIft ?kdf cfOkg]{ ljleGg r'gf}tLx? -dxfdf/L /f]usf] ;+qmd0f, k|fs[lts k|sf]k_, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLlt / cy{tGqdf cfO/xg] km]/abnn] l;h{gf u/]sf r'gf}tLx¿,  cg';Gwfgn] cf}NofPsf  cfjZostfx¿ cflb . o:tf >f]taf6 pTkGg x'g] cfaZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ /fHon] cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ lgod, cfrf/k4lt jf gLltut dfu{bz{gsf] cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu gLltsf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o;/L gLlt agfpFbf, olb gLlt sfo{Gjog of]Uo, k|ltkmnd"vL, ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] :jfldTj / ckgTj :yflkt ug]{ / ljBdfg tyf ;Defljt r'gf}tLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;fdgf ug]{ lx;fan] agfpg] xf] eg], æ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f rqmÆsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/} gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .  o;sf] dtna s] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ gLlt lgdf{0f rqmsf ljleGg r/0fx? cg';/0f ug'{ jf To;df cfwfl/t eP/ agfpg' . uxlsnf], sfof{Gjog of]Uo / kl/0ffdd'vL gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu lgDg rqm÷r/0fx¿ kf/ ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . klxnf], gLltsf] cfjZostf / o:fsf] >f]t . bf]>f], cfjZostfsf] ljZn]if0f / k|fyldsLs/0f . t]>f], lj1 ;d"xaf6 gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/ . rf}yf], d:of}bf gLlt dfly ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿;Fu j[xt / v'nf 5nkmn, jx; tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ;'emfj ;+sng, ljZn]if0f / ;Dej / plrt b]lvPsf ;'emfjx? gLltdf ;dfj]z u/L d:of}bf gLlt kl/dfh{g / kfrf}+, ;DalGwt k|flwsf/jfnf lgsfox?af6 gLlt :jLs[t . 5}7f}+, gLltsf] sfof{Gjog . ;ftf}+, gLlt sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/Ltfsf] cg'udg / cf7f}+, cg'udg l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df gLltsf] lg/Gt/tf jf kl/dfh{g jf gofF gLltsf] cfjZostfsf] lgSof}{n .

 

o;/L j}1flgs k4ltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf gLlt lgdf{0fsf rqm÷dfu{eGbf aflx/ uP/ ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿nfO{ ;lqmo ;xefuL gu/fO{, pgLx¿;Fu cy{k"0f{ 5nkmn gu/L, jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] ;lx klxrfg gu/L, xr'jfsf] e/df Pp6f ;fgf] ;d'xn] ;+s'lrt bfo/faf6 gLlt agfpFbf o:tf gLlt k|efjsf/L / kl/0fdd'vL gx'g], sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtn] x'g], ljjflbt x'g], ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] To;sf]  :jfldTj glng] / cGTodf k|efasf/L gx'g] / lgis[o eP/ hfg] ;Ddsf] hf]lvd Hofbf /xG5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt agfpg' k"j{ ægLlt cg';GwfgÆ k|lqmofsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lsgsL o;n] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] j}1flgs k4lt jf gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf gLlt rqm÷r/0fx¿sf] kfngf ub{5 . cyf{t\, gLlt lgdf{0f jf gLlt kl/dfh{gsf] nflu ;d:ofsf] ;lx klxrfg u5{, cfjZos tYo k|df0fx? h'6fO{ lbG5, hf]lvd ljZn]if0f u/L gLlt sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg cfjZos ;'emfj lbG5 . ctM j}1flgs k4ltsf] cg';/0f ub}{ cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t eP/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf gLltx¿ g} ;kmn x'G5g\ .

gLlt cg';GwfgM

;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L, sfo{Gjog of]Uo / Kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] :jfldTj / ckgTj :yflkt ug]{ / ;DalGwt gLltsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ xf] eg] pQm gLlt agfpg' k"j{ ;f] gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg ug{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . of] cg';Gwfgn] gLlt agfpg' klxn]sf] cj:yf / gLlt lgdf{0f k|s[ofsf] nfuL b[9 cfwf/ t}of/ ub{5 eg] lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf hfg] cfwf/ klg tof/ ub{5 .

gLlt cg';Gwfg rqmM -!_ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] kl/j]if ljZn]if0f / ;d:of klxrfg, -@_ gLlt cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo, lgwf{/0f / k|Zgx?, -#_ cg';Gwfgsf] ljlw, tl/sf, ;do tflnsf / of]hgf to, -$_ cg';Gwfg sfof{Gjog, tYofÍ ;+sng, -%_ cg';Gwfgaf6 cffPsf tYofÍ / tYox? ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg tof/, -^_ cg';Gwffgdf cfwfl/t gLlt lgdf{0f ;DaGwL l;kmfl/;, -&_ k'gM cg';Gwfg cfjZos eP yk cg';Gwfg jf gofF cg';Gwfg .

gLlt lgdf{0fdf 1fgsf] e"ldsfM

x/]s gLltn] cNksflng / bL3{sflng ?kdf gful/ssf b}lgsL / /fHosf 3f]lift p2]Zox¿df k|efj kfg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;dli6s[t 1fgsf] e"ldsf clt dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . gLlt cg';Gwfg k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dli6s[t 1fg eGgfn] slDtdf # j6f 1fg ;d"x÷>f]tx¿af6 cfPsf] ljZn]lift / ;+Zn]lift 1fg xf] . 1fgsf oL # j6f >f]tx¿ df s_ k|l1s 1fg h'g d'VotM lg/Gt/ cWoog cg';Gwfg / ;}4flGts >f]taf6 cfpF5 . v_ ;fdflhs 1fg h'g d'VotM ;dfhdf cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 / o;sf] k|j4{sx?df ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yf, ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"x–;~hfn, kqsf/ / ;~rf/ dfWod, /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ / pLgx¿sf eft[ ;Ë7gx¿, ljsf; ;fe]mbf/x¿ cflb kb{5g\ . u_ k|zf;sLo -Jo'/f]qm]l6s_ 1fg h'g d"ntM gLlt lgdf{0f / o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf a;]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ef]ufO{ / cg'ejaf6 cfpF5 . oL # j6f 1fgsf] ;+Zn]if0faf6 cfpg] ;dli6s[t 1fgaf6 ag]sf] gLlt dfq k|efjsf/L x'G5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt lgdf{0fdf dflysf dWo s'g} Ps  1fgsf] ljwfnfO{ dfq k|fyldstf lbP/ k'Ub}g . tLgj6f 1fgs} ;+t'ngaf6 dfq sfof{Gjog of]Uo, k|efjsf/L / glthfd'vL gLltx¿ aGg ;Sb5 .

 

gLlt k|efjsf/L gx'g] d'Vo sf/0fx?M

gLltx? c;kmn x'gfsf ljleGg sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g\ . tyflk, tL sf/0fx¿dWo] k|d'v Ps sf/0f rflx gLlt lgdf{0fdf gLlt rqmsf] kfngf gug'{ / gLlt lgdf{0f cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t gx'g' xf] . o;}n], gofF gLlt agfpg' cl3 ljBdfg gLlt, agfpg' kg]{ gofF gLlt / kl/jlt{t kl/j]zsf] ;ª\uf]kfª\uf] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L] gLlt agfpg] cEof;sf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ul/g] gLltx¿ ;kmn / k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjogdf n}hfgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ d'Vo cfwf/x¿  ;d]t pQm gLltdf ;dfj]z ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . s'g} klg gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgDg kIfsf] pkl:ylt jf e"ldsf clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5M -s_ sfg'g, -v_ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, -u_ cfly{s >f]t tyf hgzlQm, / -3_ sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] JolQm jf ;+:yf ls6fgL . s'g} klg /fli6«o ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿df pNn]lvt $ ;jfnx¿ ;'lglZrt ul/Pg eg] To:tf gLltx¿ ls t sfof{Gjogdf hfb}gg\, uP eg] klg k|efjsf/L x'b}gg\ . cGttM To:tf gLltx¿ c;fGble{s x'b} hG5g\ . To;}n] /fHon] gLlt agfpFbf slDtdf klg gLlt sfof{Gjogsf rf/ $ cfwf/x¿ -sfg'g, ;+u7g–hgzlQm, cfly{s >f]t / lhDd]jf/L_ ;'lglZrt ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . oL jfx]s klg gLlt c;kmn x'gfsf c? ljleGg sf/0f klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . h:t}M Pp6f ;/sf/n] NofPsf] gLltnfO{ csf]{ ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/tf glbg ;S5 cykf kl/j]z ablnP/ jf hgbjfasf] cfwf/df klg sltko gLltx¿ sfof{Gjogdf ghfg ;S5g\ .

 

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[i] sfo{sf/L cWoIf, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg